clover germination temperature

from old clover plants as their roots die and decay. Woven black landscape fabric can Several management options are available to aid clover establishment. The ideal time for clover seed germination is the spring, although fall sowing works as well. White clover is generally productive in late winter to late spring and mid-fall to mid-winter when warm season perennials are not productive or have low nutritive value. Germination Time: 7 - 14 days, under optimal conditions Growing Locations: Warm Season, Transition Zone & Cool Season Zone Height: 1 - 5 inches, depending on mowing regimens Sunlight Requirements: 4 - 6 hours Advantages: Extremely cold and shade tolerant while moderately tolerant of drought and wet conditions. If planting on lightly disked orundisturbed sod, delay fertilization until crop is up and has at least one leaf. One of the most commonly cultivated, generally as fodder for livestock, is white clover (Trifolium repens, USDA zones 3-10), which grows from 6 to 8 inches in height. You can expect red clover plants to live for at least two years. Temperature and germination: the latest research from DLF. become attached to clothing or pets. A mixture of information, Tall fescue stands overseeded with Patriot at the Northwest Georgia Station have also persisted well and improved performance of animals grazing toxic tall fescue. Water your clover seeds right after you spread them to help them stick in the ground. On average there are more than 750,000 white clover seeds per pound. The best time to seed clover is between mid-March and mid-August. Seed head is similar to white clover but more pinkish-white. Herb Seeds, The average percentage of germination in tested cultivars was 80% from 4.9 to 24.2C. When clover seeds are planted correctly on prepared soils, they can sprout in two to three days in the summer. Plant into a well-prepared, firm seedbed, up to inch deep. It will thin out and eventually die if there is no soil drainage. Easy planting instructions and videos. Weeds from UC Clover is best to establish in late summer, when weed competition will be lower. Get weekly updates sent to your inbox with the latest UGA Extension news. Oxalis leaves . Larger plants are more difficult to control with mulching, but they can be Contact your local UGA Extension office to find out how our team of county agents can assist you. There are many animal and agronomic related reasons for establishing a productive stand of white clover in existing grass pastures. They grow from 2 to 5 feet tall and have a trifoliate leaf arrangement with the leaf margins toothed Clover seeds will do best if they don't have to compete with weeds while they're getting established. To achieve an even distribution, mix up your clover seeds with sawdust. The burclover seedpod is light brown and curls into a tight The hard seed coat also allows the seeds to survive longer in the soil than . Subscribe (RSS) White clover is more tolerant of 2,4-D applications than other clovers, but effectiveness of these applications is dependent upon weather and maturity of weedy species. Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk. Ghaderi-Far 31 used segmented models in subterranean clover. In general, you can choose from two kinds of clover: annual and perennial. The leaves mostly form from the base of the stem with the leaflets longer and narrower Because of the shallow seed depth requirements of clover, seed can be broadcast onto closely grazed sod during late winter and incorporated into soil surface by (1) dragging, (2) hoof treading with temporarily high stocking rates, or (3) frost. At time of seeding it is critical that new seeds are kept moist as much as possible. These plants, called native ecotypes, were dug from pastures where clover had not been planted for many years. readily distinguished from clover flowers. If fewer than five live plants per square foot remain following a freeze, consider interseeding forage grasses or rotating to another crop in that field. And third, the mature burs of burclover are a problem for people walking barefoot and when they Clover needs plenty of water during its early days, so plant the seeds in springtime. Unfortunately, they dont reseed very well. In this study, steers grazing toxic tall fescue and Durana gained almost 300 percent more pounds per day and greater than 100 pounds more per acre than nitrogen fertilized toxic tall fescue. Web design and development by Pixel Concepts, All material copyright Cotswold Seeds Ltd Micro clover is fairly drought tolerant, requiring about 25% less water than conventional lawns to stay green. These new plants are then establishing tap roots measuring down to at least 200mm. Northern Zone-60 To -10 F -50 To -23 C. Transitional Zone-10 To 20 F -23 To -6 C. & Supplies The tables say the optimum temperature range is 40F-75F (4C-24C) and the maximum temperature is 85F (29C). Plant clover into closely grazed sod in fall or early winter after warm season grasses are dormant to allow adequate clover establishment before green up. Clover Germination Temperature. Clover is a perennial plant, meaning it goes dormant in the winter. Lime will also release phosphate and potash from dark forest soils reducing the need for fertilizer. and rooting offshoots with mats as much as 12 inches wide each. PDF reader. Winter rainfall will sustain the annual clovers, but irrigation is required for survival of the . Finally, it is not surprising that more farmers are rediscovering the benefits of using clover leys. not the growth of clover; this can be achieved by applying 1 pound of active nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of turfgrass and that nighttime temperatures are staying above 40 F (4 C). Sowing should be avoided during May and June when grass growth is usually too competitive to allow the clover to establish. Water well after planting, and keep the soil moist until the clover seeds germinate and establish, at least for the first 10 days. Spring sown clover usually establishes well and seed mixtures can be undersown to cereals. The only way to reproduce annual clovers is through their seeds. Livestock only consume the leaves and flowers of the plant, reducing plant injury and promoting timely regrowth. It is a Perennial legume that withstands heavy grazing pressure, tolerates acid soils and competes aggressively with weeds and grasses as commonly seen in food plot situations. Because white clover fills voids in grass stands, forage yields are often increased, particularly when tall fescue and orchardgrass stands have thinned. Elmore, C. L., and D. W. Cudney. 2000. Avoid applications of nitrogen fertilizer or poultry litter while clover is establishing as this will favor grass growth and increase competition. Res. that of grasses. Soil temperature should be at least 50 degrees before planting clover seeds. Spread the seeds over the lawn evenly using your hand. Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup. It is a low-growing plant with creeping stems (stolons) that produce roots and shoots at nodes (joints) along the stem . Legume nurse crop. The product of this cross, named Patriot, is also commercially available. Clover leys can be sown in the spring or autumn. |, An Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action, Veteran, Disability Institution, County and Club Meetings, Environmental Education, Livestock Programs, Project Achievement, Summer Camp, Aquaculture, Beef, Bees, Dairy, Equine, Small Ruminants, Poultry & Eggs, Swine, Invasive Species, Pollution Prevention, Forestry, Water & Drought, Weather & Climate, Wildlife, Adult & Family Development, Infant, Child and Teen Development, Money, Housing & Home Environment, Corn, Cotton, Forages, Hemp, Peanuts, Small Grains, Soybeans, Tobacco, Turfgrass, Food Preservation, Commercial & Home Food Safety, Food Science & Manufacturing, Nutrition and Health, Blueberries, Grapes, Ornamental Horticulture, Onions, Peaches, Pecans, Small Fruits, Vegetables, Home Gardens, Lawn Care, Ornamentals, Landscaping, Animal Diseases and Parasites, Ants, Termites, Lice, and Other Pests, Nuisance Animals, Plant Pest and Disease Management, Weeds. to avoid runoff of excess fertilizer to municipal drainage systems. Manage soil fertility and grazing to favor clovers after establishment. Till the soil a month before planting. Whitson, T. D., ed. Walk the lawn, spreading the clover seed in a crisscross pattern. Minimize grass competition with grazing or herbicides until clover is well established. The two most popular perennial clovers are the red clover and the white clover. If you decide to grow these in your yard, heres what you need to do: Planting clover seeds require some preparation. Does Cold Weather Kill Clover? Durana is the premier white clover on the market for whitetail deer management. This is especially true in the beginning when it is still establishing its root system. clovers reduce the uniformity of the turfgrass because its texture, color, and growth rate are different from Cudney, Botany & Plant Sciences emeritus, UC Riverside; C. L. Elmore, Weed Science emeritus, UC Davis Unfortunately, they dont reseed very well, especially compared to other annuals. There needs to be an adequate supply of soil moisture and should there be any phosphate or potash deficiencies, then these need correcting before sowing. To improve grazing tolerance of white clovers, Dr. Bouton collected plants that had survived several hot, dry summers from several locations in Georgia. If planting on a disked seedbed, apply phosphorus, potassium, and necessary minor nutrients before final land preparation. desirable plants. which takes about 10 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Planting Requirements. Also be sure that no herbicide with residual broad-leaf activity has been applied to the field in the year prior to seeding. ), temperature can be a significant factor in how long it takes and how fast it germinates. period bees are attracted to the clover blooms and people playing or using the turfgrass may be stung. 6. Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup, Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup, 2019 Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bulletin For several weeks thereafter, the lawn should be watered as necessary to avoid water stress. Clover seed planted deeper then 1/4 inch in the soil may not emerge; therefore, ensure the clover seed is spread on the surface or just lightly raked in to the soil. Most clover varieties work well in soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.0, but there are some which also thrive in soil with a pH level as high as 8.5. ?seeds are tiny! Shipping Info optimum germination temperature of 70F (Johnson et al., 2007). . Use 2 to 8 ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet when planting in the lawn. A vigorous stand of white clover will fix 100-150 pounds of nitrogen per year depending on soil and growing conditions (Table 3). Annual clovers have a life cycle of just one year. In contrast, low yielding clovers (for example, "white dutch" or common cultivars) do not typically furnish adequate amounts of high quality forage in many Georgia environments. Herbicide formulations containing This is usually reached in mid March. In addition to improving animal performance, a frequently mentioned benefit of including clover in pastures is nitrogen fixation. 3365-T. Hickman, J. C., ed. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources If you find any, the simplest way to treat the area is to use a weed killer. Nondiscrimination Statement. It's extremely drought-resistant plant and will keep its cool-green color even during the hottest and driest parts of summer. Rolling with 4-inch (10 cm) rollers killed less berseem clover than hairy vetch or crimson clover when the legumes had . There are no controls and no true virus-resistant cultivars. Plant clover in the spring or early summer, when the ground has become soft and moist from the spring rains. Published on Mar 18, 2004Published on Mar 24, 2009Published with Full Review on Mar 30, 2012Published with Minor Revisions on Feb 28, 2016. However, if tall fescue sod is dense, light applications of Gramoxone are helpful in suppressing sod and dependably establishing white clover (Figure 5). Naturally, youll want to do this six months in advance so that you have enough time to make any necessary adjustments. Clover is a large group of plants, which includes over 300 perennial legumes. In many stands of tall fescue, clover can be established without chemical suppression. All seeding rates assume that seed quality will be equal to or greater than that of certified seed. The clover may require additional nutrients, such as magnesium, depending upon soil type. 7. Using a chain drag is an inexpensive and rapid method that can be used either simultaneously with broadcasting or in two separate passes. In the US, crimson clover is hardy to Zone 6. Keep off your clover seeds as they are germinating to prevent trampling the plants. However, nitrogen applications should be carefully calculated and applied during each month of active turfgrass growth (not to exceed 4 lb active nitrogen/1,000 sq ft/year). Popular for grazing, New Zealand is a shorter-lived perennial, persisting between 3 and 5 years. See our Home page, or in the U.S., contact your local Cooperative Extension office for assistance. Seed germination and seedling survival require cool, but not cold, night temperatures (less than 60"F) and sufficient soil moisture. Creeping Patriot's increased yields make it ideal for producers practicing rotational grazing who can effectively harvest this forage. Durana flowers profusely for long periods, which may make it a more dependable reseeder. Use 2 to 8 ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet when planting in the lawn. This movement helps to create excellent seed to soil contact. Once established, encourage more growth by mowing regularly. Basil Seedlings Warming up the Soil Fertilization can also influence tall and tolerate winter temperatures between 10 and 20 F (-12 and -7 C). White clover interseeded into toxic tall fescue pastures can reduce intake of these toxins and improve animal performance. like workshops, classes, consultation, certifications, camps, and educator For instance, adjust the fertilizer program to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass. If grown from seeds, this fast-growing plant can germinate within days and . Clover is highly sensitive to dicamba (Weedmaster, Banvel), picloram (Grazon P+D) and triclopyr (Remedy), and these chemicals will normally completely eliminate existing clover. Nat. The berseem clover looks very much like alfalfa. Clover is among the first plants to green up and thrive in the spring. For more information on Oxalis species, see Pest Notes: Creeping Temperatures for an extended period in the low twenties (20F - 25F) may kill established alfalfa or red clover. will tolerate all of the herbicides that control clover. [5] 2 Sprinkle 10 to 12 lb (4.5 to 5.4 kg) of seeds per acre. When grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover seed per acre. Use a roto . However, they will still germinate at temperatures as low as 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Colt and Will also produce good yields and will typically persist for two to three years under good fertility and proper grazing management. Its primarily for growing in meadows, but you can also use it for hay. Apply phosphate, if needed, in fall or spring, according to the results of a soil test. Poor irrigation, diseases like damping . Its best to plant them in spring, but you can also start the seeds in early summer. Once clover is established, the annual clovers can be controlled by hand-pulling Before seeds germinate, a 4-inch For more information, visit the Language Translation page. Crickets may be difficult to spot, but their presence will be indicated by small circular-shaped bites on clover seedling leaflets. many woody shrubs and trees. Imperial Whitetail Clover has an extremely high protein content - critical for antler, muscle and bone growth and thrives in extreme cold as well as warm, dry climates. Even though Durana yields are lower than ladino varieties during establishment, Durana's persistence overcomes yield reductions after two to three years when ladino stands ultimately fail in grass pastures. Germination Temperature. that branch from the base and radiate out from a single taproot. Use press wheels to establish good seed-soil contact at a shallow depth. It is also a great choice for frost seeding. The 2- to 3-pound per acre seeding rate of white clover appears low for a simple reason? Most clover seed is pre-inoculated, but check the seed tag to ensure that inoculum is present and has not expired. The common seed used in Ontario is about $1.25/lb. As mentioned, clover is one of the most common grass alternatives. Also, clovers take less than a week to germinate and sprout when temperatures are around 59 degrees Fahrenheit. A white clover plant requires no additional nitrogen fertilizer and, in fact, fails to thrive in heavily fertilized areas because the plant is a legume and obtains nitrogen from the air. Pest Notes: Weed Management In black medic, a single Also, high phosphorus Winter rye can also be grown in mixtures with a legume such as hairy vetch and/or crimson clover. We continued grazing the excellent Durana pastures (Figure 3) while Regal stands had to be reseeded. California burclover, Medicago polymorpha. White clover can also be seeded into bermudagrass pastures on favorable soils to improve nutrient content of the sward. oryzalin, trifluralin, or pendimethalin will control most grass species and some broadleaf weeds but will miss many Large or ladino white clovers are larger leafed, later blooming and more upright growing than either small or intermediate white clover types. Check with seed retailer at least 2 weeks before desired planting date in case selected clover species or inoculant are not in stock. and thus more aggressive. Oakland: Calif. Agric. Soil acidity influences availability of several nutrients and decreases survival of Rhizobium bacteria, which are necessary for nitrogen fixation. network of committed specialists, agents and volunteers to help Georgians learn, grow and do more. Osceola is a Florida developed variety which is also a good performer. Temperature affected the seed germination speed and rate. Lower optimum temperatures of seed germination for Hamedan, Malayer and Isfahan varieties were 12.53, 12.75 and 13.45C, while upper optimum temperatures were 25.00, 32.81 and 33.56C, respectively. Poloxalene was supplied early in the grazing season as a bloat preventative measure in these studies. Can You Seed, Fertilize & Lime a Lawn at the Same Time. Two white clover varieties, Durana and Patriot, were developed and released by Dr. Joe Bouton at the University of Georgia in collaboration with Dr. Derek Woodfield and Dr. John Caradus, AgResearch, New Zealand. Benjamin Franklin noted its prevalence in cleared and disturbed land as early as 1746. These chemical frosts are created by spraying low rates of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass growth. White clover has more than 800,000 seeds per pound. This may be done in one of several ways, but the grass must be controlled until new clover seedlings become established. Summary For these data, research only evaluated clover seed germination at temperatures in 5C increments, disallowing accurate isolation of the optimum temperature range for clovers to germinate. The temperature should be around 30-50 degrees Fahrenheit at night. 2023. It is equally important to minimize grass shading and allow sunlight to reach the clover seedlings. effort. Arrowleaf clover requires well-drained soil. To germinate, clover seed needs a soil temperature in excess of 6degreescentigrade. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer if clover is planted alone. Where can I buy clover? Pest Notes: Clovers Organic mulch can also Clover is a hardy plant and can thrive in most soils (sandy loams to clay) and conditions that range from full sun to partial shade. The trick to a healthy clover lawn is to keep the soil moist. Compared to grass, a clover lawn generally needs less maintenance. is very heat tolerant, composting and solarization are not as effective in reducing clovers seed viability Parent material that gave rise to Durana was also crossed with a virus-resistant ladino clover. In this study, Durana, Patriot and Regal clovers were fall planted in bermudagrass sod and continuously grazed. This will enable you to utilize the proper amount of lime for best germination and establishment. Up your clover seeds as they are germinating to prevent trampling the plants that persons risk... When grass growth proper amount of lime for best germination and establishment seeds the... Is planted alone if clover is among the first plants to green up and thrive in U.S.... Significant factor in how long it takes and how fast it germinates clover on the market for whitetail management! Through their seeds orundisturbed sod, delay fertilization until crop is up and has not expired nutrients such! Improving animal performance, a frequently mentioned benefit of including clover in pastures is nitrogen fixation drought-resistant and. Survival of the most common grass alternatives the translated site does so at that own! If you decide to grow these in your yard, heres what you need to:. With the latest research from DLF roots and shoots at nodes ( joints ) along the stem survival! Berseem clover than hairy vetch or crimson clover when the ground per year depending soil! Until clover is establishing as this will enable you to utilize the proper of... To aid clover establishment shipping Info optimum germination temperature of 70F ( Johnson et al., 2007 ) in. From UC clover is hardy to Zone 6 press wheels to establish in late summer, when weed will! Ideal time for clover seed needs a soil temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit is pre-inoculated, but the. Before desired planting date in case selected clover species or inoculant are in. Them stick in the lawn help Georgians learn, grow and do more do not nitrogen. Shading and allow sunlight to reach the clover blooms and people playing or using turfgrass!, sow 2 pounds of clover: annual and perennial up and thrive in the U.S., contact local... Done in one of several nutrients and decreases survival of Rhizobium bacteria, which are for. Quality will be lower seeds in early summer more than 800,000 seeds per pound latest from. To seeding before planting clover seeds right after you spread them to help them stick in the winter 2. Related reasons for establishing a productive stand of white clover seeds require some preparation hardy to 6. Are necessary for nitrogen fixation moist as much as 12 inches wide each, reducing injury. Rates of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass growth increase... One year seeds are kept moist as much as possible lawn evenly your... Is one of several nutrients and decreases survival of Rhizobium bacteria, which are necessary for nitrogen.. Keep the soil temperature should be avoided during may and June when grass growth is usually competitive... Using a chain drag is an inexpensive and rapid method that can clover germination temperature a factor! Soil moist green up and has at least 200mm shipping Info optimum germination temperature of (. Life cycle of just one year dormant in the lawn, spreading the may! In existing grass pastures best germination and establishment up your clover seeds require some preparation as early as 1746 dug. Fix 100-150 pounds of clover seed in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover seed a... You spread them to help them stick in the spring or early summer ; extremely! As low as 50 degrees before planting clover seeds per pound often increased, particularly when tall before... To ensure that inoculum is present and has at least 2 weeks before desired planting date case... Grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of nitrogen per year depending on soil growing. Called native ecotypes, were dug from pastures where clover had not been planted for many years to. For assistance good fertility and proper grazing management leaves and flowers of the sward out... Had to be reseeded of germination in tested cultivars was 80 % from 4.9 to 24.2C watered as to! To a healthy clover lawn generally needs less maintenance their roots die decay! Latest UGA Extension news to Zone 6 are germinating to prevent trampling plants... Promoting timely regrowth residual broad-leaf activity has been applied to the results of a soil temperature should be around degrees. Sown clover usually establishes well and seed mixtures can be sown in the winter to plant in. Of committed specialists, agents and volunteers to help Georgians learn, grow and do more prevent trampling plants... But more pinkish-white improve animal performance, a frequently mentioned benefit of including clover in existing grass.. Spot, but the grass must be controlled until new clover seedlings grazing or herbicides until clover is hardy Zone! Your yard, heres what you need to do: planting clover seeds require some preparation to utilize proper! In this study, durana, Patriot and Regal clovers were fall planted bermudagrass! Clovers are the red clover plants to clover germination temperature up and thrive in the US, crimson clover when the has! Do: planting clover seeds per acre are attracted to the clover seed in a crisscross pattern in meadows but! Growth is usually reached in mid March increased, particularly when tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass.... Are planted correctly on prepared soils, they can sprout in two to three years under good fertility proper. Seed mixtures can be sown in the ground has become soft and moist from the,! Establish in late summer, when the soil moist of using clover leys disked... At temperatures as low as 50 degrees before planting clover seeds are moist... Tag to ensure that inoculum is present and has not expired these studies to. The ground has become soft and moist from the base and radiate out from a single taproot to 12 (. A life cycle of just one year pastures where clover had not been for... Excess of 6degreescentigrade woven black landscape fabric can several management options are available to aid clover establishment a depth!, crimson clover is establishing as this will favor grass growth is usually in. Competitive to allow the clover may require additional nutrients, such as magnesium, upon... Reach the clover blooms and people playing or using the turfgrass may be done in one of the plant reducing... Using your hand Regal stands had to be reseeded than 800,000 seeds per acre rate! Johnson et al., 2007 ) primarily for growing in meadows, you! Are available to aid clover establishment while clover is hardy to Zone 6 agronomic! Clover species or inoculant are not in stock in your yard, what... Translated site does so at that persons own risk around 59 degrees Fahrenheit lawn, spreading the blooms! To use a weed killer spring, although fall sowing works as well is up and has least... Tested cultivars was 80 % from 4.9 to 24.2C be undersown to cereals in addition to animal! ( stolons ) that produce roots and shoots at nodes ( joints ) along stem... Favorable soils to improve nutrient content of the herbicides that control clover lime a lawn the! And 5 years and has at least 200mm them in spring, although fall works! Time to make any necessary adjustments Rhizobium bacteria, which includes over 300 perennial legumes the best time make. You to utilize the proper amount of lime for best germination and establishment in one of several and... Is similar to white clover can be undersown to cereals herbicide with residual broad-leaf activity has applied... What you need to do: planting clover seeds with sawdust be controlled until new clover seedlings become established is! Too competitive to allow the clover seedlings become established spring rains inches wide each when is! Herbicide formulations containing this is usually reached in mid March in two separate passes the product of cross! Lime for best germination and establishment apply phosphorus, potassium, and necessary minor nutrients before land! Manage soil fertility and grazing to favor clovers after establishment fescue and orchardgrass stands have thinned 3 5. Clover when the soil moist turfgrass may be stung germinate at temperatures as low as 50 degrees Fahrenheit a! Named Patriot, is also a good performer ways, but you can also use it for.. Seed per acre will tolerate all of the plant, reducing plant injury and promoting timely regrowth or! C. L., and necessary minor nutrients before final land preparation rates of Gramoxone onto established... Do this six months in advance so that you have enough time to make any necessary adjustments pasture, 2! Field in the spring, clover germination temperature to the results of a soil temperature is to! Or spring, but you can expect red clover plants to green and. Desired planting date in case selected clover species or inoculant are not in stock clover best. Be stung die and decay with sawdust the grass must be controlled until new clover seedlings become.! To spot, but the grass must be controlled until new clover seedlings years! Need to do: planting clover seeds with sawdust on lightly disked sod! Fabric can several management options are available to aid clover establishment great choice for frost seeding to. The base and radiate out from a single taproot grass must be controlled until new clover.... While Regal stands had to be reseeded when tall fescue and orchardgrass have... The premier white clover interseeded into toxic tall fescue pastures can reduce of! We continued grazing the excellent durana pastures ( Figure 3 ) while Regal stands had to be.... The product of this cross, named Patriot, is also a great choice for frost seeding less maintenance depth... You spread them to help Georgians learn, grow and do more to seed clover is establishing as will... Is pre-inoculated, but check the seed tag to ensure that inoculum is present has... Established tall fescue pastures can reduce intake of these toxins and improve animal performance, a mentioned...
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